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Coffee as a
stimulant Coffee
contains caffeine, which acts as a stimulant. For this reason, it is
often consumed in the morning and when feeling tired. Students
preparing for examinations with late-night "cram sessions" or "code
jams" frequently use coffee to stay awake. Many office workers take a
"coffee break" when they have low energy. Recent
research has uncovered additional stimulating effects of coffee which
are not related to its caffeine content. Coffee contains an as yet
unknown chemical agent which stimulates the production of cortisone and
adrenaline, two stimulating hormones. For
occasions when one wants to enjoy the flavor of coffee with almost no
stimulation, decaffeinated coffee (also called decaf) is available.
This is coffee from which most of the caffeine has been removed, by the
Swiss water process (which involves the soaking of raw beans to absorb
the caffeine) or the use of a chemical solvent such as
trichloroethylene ("tri"), or the more popular methylene chloride, in a
similar process. Another solvent used is ethyl acetate; the resultant
decaffeinated coffee is marketed as "natural decaf" because ethyl
acetate is naturally present in fruit. Extraction with supercritical
carbon dioxide has also been employed. Decaffeinated
coffee usually loses some flavor over normal coffee. There are also
coffee alternatives that resemble coffee in taste but contain no
caffeine. These are available both in ground form for brewing and in
instant form. Caffeine
dependency and withdrawal symptoms are well-documented. Benefits Reduced risk
of Alzheimer's disease and Dementia Several
studies comparing moderate coffee drinkers (about 2 cups a day) with
light coffee drinkers (less than one cup a day) found that those who
drank more coffee were significantly less likely to develop Alzheimer's
disease later in life. [2][3]. A longitudinal study in 2009 found that
moderate coffee drinkers (defined as 3-5 cups per day) had reduced risk
of developing Dementia in addition to Alzheimer's Disease [4]. Reduced risk
of gallstone disease Drinking
caffeinated coffee has been correlated with a lower incidence of
gallstones and gallbladder disease in both men and women[6] in two
studies performed by the Harvard School of Public Health. A lessened
risk was not seen in those who drank decaffeinated coffee. Reduced risk
of Parkinson's disease A
study comparing heavy coffee drinkers (3.5 cups a day) with
non-drinkers found that the coffee drinkers were significantly less
likely to contract Parkinson's Disease later in life.Likewise, a second
study found an inverse relationship between the amount of coffee
regularly drunk and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's Disease. Cognitive
performance Many people
drink coffee for its ability to increase short term recall and increase
IQ.
Likewise,
in tests of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, incidental
verbal memory, and visuospatial reasoning, participants who regularly
drank coffee were found to perform better on all tests, with a positive
relationship between test scores and the amount of coffee regularly
drunk. Elderly participants were found to have the largest effect
associated with regular coffee drinking. Another study found that women
over the age of 80 performed significantly better on cognitive tests if
they had regularly drunk coffee over their lifetimes. Analgesic
enhancement Coffee
contains caffeine, which increases the effectiveness of pain killers,
especially migraine and headache medications. For this reason, many
over-the-counter headache drugs include caffeine in their formula. Antidiabetic Coffee
intake may reduce one's risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 by up to half.
While this was originally noticed in patients who consumed high amounts
(7 cups a day), the relationship was later shown to be linear. Liver disease Coffee
can also reduce the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver and has been
linked to a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver
cancer that usually arises in patients with preexisting cirrhosis. The
exact mechanism and the amount of coffee needed to achieve a beneficial
effect are as yet unclear. Cancer Coffee
consumption is also correlated to a reduced risk of oral, esophageal,
and pharyngeal cancer. In ovarian cancer, no benefit was found. In the
Nurses Health Study, a modest reduction in breast cancer was observed
in postmenopausal women only, which was not confirmed in decaffeinated
coffee. According to one research, coffee protects from liver cancer. Cardioprotective According
to the longitudial study led by Esther Lopez-Garcia of Universidad
Autonoma de Madrid, coffee reduces the incidence of dying from heart
disease . Laxative/diuretic Coffee
is also a powerful stimulant for peristalsis and is sometimes
considered to prevent constipation. However, coffee can also cause
excessively loose bowel movements. The stimulative effect of coffee
consumption on the colon is found in both caffeinated and decaffeinated
coffee. Practitioners
in alternative medicine often recommend coffee enemas for "cleansing of
the colon" due to its stimulus of peristalsis, although mainstream
medicine has not proved any benefits of the practice. Caffeine,
together with related methylxanthine compounds, is a diuretic. This
seems to be mediated by the adenosine receptor. The effects on actual
hydration, though, are small. Antioxidant Coffee
contains the anticancer compound methylpyridinium. This compound is not
present in significant amounts in other food materials.
Methylpyridinium is not present in raw coffee beans but is formed
during the roasting process from trigonelline, which is common in raw
coffee beans. It is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated
coffee, and even in instant coffee. Prevention of
dental caries The
tannins in coffee may reduce the cariogenic potential of foods. In
vitro experiments have shown that these polyphenolic compounds may
interfere with glucosyltransferase activity of mutans streptococci,
which may reduce plaque formation. Gout Coffee
consumption decreased risk of gout in men over age 40. In a large study
of over 45,000 men over a 12-year period, the risk for developing gout
in men over 40 was inversely proportional with the amount of coffee
consumed. | |